4-Dimensional Synchronization (Clocks)

## Introduction It's hard to imagine a world before precise clocks[^1]. Across the entirety of society, individuals who were attempting to coordinate had no precise means to synchronize. Actions that we as modern humans take for granted, like saying "lets meet at 12:00 tomorrow", weren't possible – because there was no 12:00! Just like there was no 1:00-11:00 or any precise integer for us to agree on. The introduction of the mechanical clock revolutionized societal function by providing **a single, precise integer that everyone could synchronize around.** This single integer, is so important. The gears of the clock – **are the gears of society**. Our entire world coordinates global societies around this single integer. Nearly every human on earth marches to this integer. Even if we left someone alone on a deserted island for the rest of their life – they would still prefer to have this integer! (I wouldn't know who they're synchronizing or coordinating with.) %%Measurement –> Synchronization –> Coordination%% I like to call this integer – **The state which binds society**. Remind you of anything? Since then we have invented two additional immensely powerful classes of clock-like synchronization devices: Bitcoin by Satoshi Nakamoto[^2] in 2008 and Ethereum by Vitalik Buterin[^3] in 2015. Both of these aren't widely recognized as clocks. We are also on the verge of inventing the third and most powerful dimension of synchronization device: Society Protocol[^4]. %% This paragraph needs to be reformatted to include dimensions and better styling%% At each point in society, the tribe with the most advanced clocks for synchronization has dominated the world. Starting in Egypt with sundials, then Europe during the (14-19th century), the emergence of Bitcoin, web3, and now Society Protocol has shifted this axis once more. Time is money they say, but more importantly: **time is energy**. ## The Nature of Clocks ### Purpose of Clocks What are we trying to achieve with clocks? Create a shared model of the universe. A model which all people can synchronize to and agree on. This process starts with common measurement, which leads to synchronization, and eventually to coordination. The more we can synchronize, the more we can coordinate. To synchronize more, we must expand the **state that binds**. To coordinate more, we have three new tools at our disposal in modernity: 1. An expanded multi-dimensional **state that binds** gives us the ability to synchronize unfathomably more data than before. 2. Computers give us the ability to algorithmically act on the data in the **state that binds** with automated precision. 3. %% An "immutable" synchronized history of the state that binds%% ### State Transition Function Something that each clock has in common is a **State Transition Function (STF)**. The STF explains the ruleset of how each clock updates its state between discrete intervals in time. Basically, we put in the previous state –> STF(fn) –> next state. In contrast to our ancestors who attempted to construct the most basic of STFs for thousands of years (a function to count solar time with precision), modern computers afford us the luxury of programming any STF we desire, under one constraint: it must be computationally feasible. %% Include State Transition Function Image %% ## The Evolution of Clocks (Synchronization) ### Pre-Precise Synchronization: Sundials Ancient Egyptians are credited with being the first to use simple sundials and divided the interval between sunrise and sunset into 12 parts as early as 1550 BCE. Historians also consider the height of the Egyptian empire the New Kingdom: this period lasted from 1550-1070 BCE. The sundial was of course an effective instrument only when the sun shines clearly[^5]. This period continued with the Greeks and Romans. The Romans heavily used water clocks which they calibrated from a sundial and so they could measure time even when the sun was not shining: at night or on foggy days. They notably used these clocks in courtrooms to allocate speaking time during trials: each speaker was given a specific amount of water to "spend" during their argument, ensuring fairness and efficiency. All the methods of this period were marked by a lack of accuracy, as they did not synchronize time into even a precise 1-Dimensional local integer. --- **Dimensions of Synchronization:** 0 **STF:** None (Drip Drop?) **Map**: The sundial mapped imprecise ranges of time (a fuzzy shared map). **Synchronized With Solar Time**: Yes ### 1-Dimensional Synchronization: Mechanical Clocks Mechanical clocks first appeared in the monasteries of Western Europe during the 13-14th centuries, as an evolution of the bell tower (a primitive synchronization device).[^6] The term "clock" derives from the Latin *clocca* (bell), emphasizing the connection between early timekeeping and bell-ringing. These clocks were large, cumbersome, imprecise, and expensive, limiting their use to wealthy institutions like churches or town halls. Mechanical clocks introduced a new way of telling time based on equal hours, and changed the measuring of time from fluid continuous processes, such as the flow of liquid in water clocks, to repetitive oscillatory processes, such as the swing of the pendulum – and hence, the 1-Dimensional STF for synchronized time was created. > [!quote] > “This advancement enabled enormous synchronization of activities, something that was not seen or experienced ever before. It separated people from the organic structure of life that they had before. Every hour in the day was trying to be used, people were going to bed when the clock told them, not when they were tired, and the same goes for food.” (“How Did The Clock Change The World?”, 2020) These first mechanical clocks were not designed for precise timekeeping but to automate bell-ringing for communal purposes (such as marking prayer times, work hours, or civic events). They often lacked dials or hands and were primarily auditory devices. Public mechanical clocks[^7] transformed the structuring of personal and communal time, laying the foundations for changes in time consciousness that would accelerate scientific thinking. The first attempt at global synchronization came in 1530 when the Dutch instrument maker, Gemma Frisus, suggested traveling with a clock to determine longitude. The clock would be set to the local time of a starting point whose longitude was known, and the longitude of any other place could be determined by comparing the clock time with its local time. Precise timekeeping arrived during the scientific revolution with the invention of the Pendulum Clock in 1656. The first pendulum clock, invented by Christiaan Huygens in 1656, increased the accuracy of clocks more than sixty-fold. Early versions erred by less than one minute per day, and later ones only by 10 seconds. Dials that showed minutes and seconds became common after the increase in accuracy made possible by the pendulum clock. Precise mechanical clocks introduced **The Industrial Age**. Clocks became much more common and so too did a concern for time. These technologies radically changed how people structured personal and communal time, conducted business, and fashioned worldviews. Britain led the field in clockmaking by the second half of the 17th century. Want to take a guess at what happened geopolitically after that? Hint: there was a certain place where the sun never sets. > [!quote] > “It is the mechanical clock, and according to many historians, it was the clock that changed everything and deserves to be called as the key factor of the industrial age. Mechanical clocks enabled people to measure time in ways that were not possible before, and because of it, our lives were changed forever. > > The clock became a symbol, a reference for how institutions should work, and time was treated as something that could be wasted or lost, even indicating the monetary cost of time. The adaptation was not a fast process, but incorporating clocks into everyday life drastically changed the way human beings perceive their reality and arrange their life.” (“How Did The Clock Change The World?”, 2020) The era of mechanical timekeeping lasted from the 13th to the 19th century.[^8] In a strange coincidence, the entire gravitational power of the world shifted to Western Europe during the 15th-19th centuries. During the culmination of this era, societies could achieve worldwide sync using atomic clocks with pinpointed precision, but it was still – **only one integer**. > [!quote] > “What is a mechanical clock? The answer to this question depends on whom you ask. Today, most people consider it a time-telling instrument. Actually, it is a pillar of society; we unconsciously use it numerous times every day, but we usually do not reflect on the fact that if all clocks were to simultaneously fail, society would collapse.” (Medievalists.net, 2017, p. 63) --- **Dimensions of synchronization:** 1 \[1: Integer] %% Illustration of 1-Dimensional Synchronization – A Line%% **STF:** When the gears turn calculating that one precise Unit of Time (UoT) has passed, increment the current state by one UoT. If UoT total state has reached 24 hours, reset UoT total to 0. **Map:** Synchronization of one precise integer. **Synchronized With Solar Time:** Yes ### 2-Dimensional Synchronization: Bitcoin Bitcoin was introduced in 2008 by a mysterious developer, Satoshi Nakamoto, who claimed to have invented a peer-to-peer electronic cash system in his now seminal paper: Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. It's one of the most profound inventions in history. The invention of Bitcoin is so significant because it expanded powerful synchronization of the **State That Binds** (STB) into a 2-Dimensional entity. Bitcoin synchronizes a 2D matrix of data, meaning that it synchronizes a list of account addresses on one dimension and an integer corresponding to the amount of value (Bitcoins) the address controls on the other. %%2D Matrix Synchornization Image%% By solving the 2nd dimension, Bitcoin allowed society to synchronize global public communication in a precise manner – thereby solving the important [7 Byzantine Generals Problem](https://bitcoinmagazine.com/glossary/what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem). Notice that with 1-Dimensional synchronization, society was unable to synchronize communication, only able to agree and read from the **state that binds**. Bitcoins historical significance lies in introducing a technology able to synchronize trust and communication (read,write) to the **state that binds** worldwide in a fair way – bringing the birth of triple entry accounting[^9] – more so than in the financial technology of Bitcoin, which is also revolutionary. The impact of this cannot be understated, humans have never had a way to synchronize communication worldwide in a ledger of shared trust, all our communication happens as a game of telephone and is transformed as it passes through various locations, lossy. With Bitcoin and triple entry accounting, this communication became - lossless - and therefore, **trustworthy**. There's a new bell tower in town, and that bell tower is going to lead to the invention of precise mechanical clocks. It rings every 10 minutes (imprecisely of course) worldwide. It doesn't follow solar time and it's expensive to maintain, but for the first time in history, we're all able to send **trustworthy** messages through this bell tower when it does eventually ring. Wait, do you hear that? I think I just heard a block being produced. That bell tower has a name that's recognized globally, it's called **Bitcoin**. While many believe that Bitcoin has also distributed ownership of this bell tower, that is not the case. Ownership in Bitcoin belongs with the miners: it is the miners who control the ringing of the bells, re-structure the chain, and control asset ownership. The trust for these functions has been distributed amongst any number of willing entities, each of which can join the network permissionlessly. Bitcoin is the fastest growing asset class in the history of the world. The global synchronization of trust is one of humanities most valuable outstanding problems. While Bitcoin hasn't solved that problem, Satoshi Nakamoto invented the roots of the technology which will.  --- **Dimensions of Synchronization:** 2 \[1: Account Address, 2: Integer Value] %% Illustration of 2-Dimensional Synchronization – A Plane%% **STF:** When a miner has solved the POW mining challenge and broadcasted it to the network: calculate and include all transactions broadcasted by the miner into the network, send the block reward to the miner, and create a new block with the updated state and cryptographic hash verifying accuracy of all previous states. **Map**: Bitcoin maps the addresses of all accounts to their amount of Bitcoins. **Synchronized With Solar Time**: No ### 3-Dimensional Synchronization: Ethereum Another quantum leap in synchronization technology occurred on July 30, 2015 with the launch of Ethereum. Originally introduced by Vitalik Buterin in: *Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform*. Vitalik believed that Satoshis invention[^10] could be used for more than just money. > [!quote] > “Satoshi's blockchain was the first credible decentralized solution. And now, attention is rapidly starting to shift toward this second part of Bitcoin's technology, and how the blockchain concept can be used for more than just money. > > Commonly cited applications include using on-blockchain digital assets to represent custom currencies and financial instruments ("colored coins"), the ownership of an underlying physical device ("smart property"), non-fungible assets such as domain names ("Namecoin") as well as more advanced applications such as decentralized exchange, financial derivatives, peer-to-peer gambling and on-blockchain identity and reputation systems. Another important area of inquiry is "smart contracts" - systems which automatically move digital assets according to arbitrary pre-specified rules.” (Buterin, p. 1) Ethereum expanded on the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus of Bitcoin by including the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) into the **STF**, enabling turing complete computation during synchronization, **expanding the state that binds** from Bitcoins 2D Matrix of ownership to the first ever 3-Dimensional synchronization machine. Vitaliks invention opened up a whole new world of possibilities for synchronization, allowing society to synchronize a spectacular range of digital object. Adding two new features to our global state machine. 1. **The ability to store objects in 3-Dimensional space**: storing nested objects with depth in Ethereum became possible, as we moved from a 2-Dimensional matrix of values to a 3-Dimensional cube of objects. - Example: we could now synchronize a whole set of russian dolls each with it's own unique color pattern. 2. **Turing complete computation**: enabled us to have pre-written patterns for these objects to follow. - Example: each russian doll could have a position Suddenly, the 2D plane turned into a 3D cube, filled with all sorts of objects: cryptokitties, stock derivatives, games, DAOs, social media content, identity documents, and more. A whole world full of objects synchronized like a clock. What's more is, they were all programmable algorithmically, Whoa! We can throw anything into the cube, and it’s **trustworthy**. Synchronized all over the world. ![[3D Synchronization Cube.jpg]] Just like the bell tower birthed the mechanical clock – Bitcoin birthed Ethereum. The important distinction to understand in this new paradigm, is that we're no longer looking to precisely map solar time, we're past that as a species. The new evolutions of synchronization devices, these futuristic clocks, are about **expanding the state that binds**. It also increased the complexity of the protocol, Ethereum has gone through many upgrades and actually feels like a living breathing protocol. It is reliant on the social layer for consistent upgrades to reach it's end-goal state. Someone is actively molding and taking care of this 3D cube from the ouside, it's not a static immutable cube! They keep changing my cube! Hey, that's my cube! Who controls this thing? Well, there's a hierarchy: 1. The social layer: A global community of builders and researchers (opaque and invisible to Ethereum).[^11]. 2. The infrastructure layer: The Proof of Stake nodes (opaque permissionless ownership). Ownership, just as in the Bitcoin case, does not ultimately rest with the users. The users permissionless bearer asset ownership is at the discretion of both the social and the infrastructure layers. As the global demand for synchronizing 3D objects is bigger than the global demand for synchronizing 2D planes of values – and the bandwidth of each **state that binds** is limited... Ethereum spawned a whole cambrian explosion of other 3D cubes for digital objects[^12]. Each ledger exists independently, all of them generally change from the social layer, a world of mutating interactive cubes molded by invisible hands. Due to their currently incomplete nature, 3D state machines require a dedicated and organized community to tinker with the clock and build out the features. Yet, who are these mysterious social layer mechanics we trust with our clock, what are their political beliefs and incentives? We don't know. We must implicitly **trust** an opaque and amorphous group to maintain the clock. While the 3D blockchains powerful features eclipse that of Bitcoins 2D capabilities, these platforms haven't yet overtaken Bitcoin in terms of valuation. Why is the bell tower more important than a mechanical clock? The answer lies in their fragility and a lack of trust. Trust can only emerge over time, the world must watch and wait to see which 3D synchronization machines are **trustworthy** enough to overtake Bitcoin. Trust can also be lost at any instant. What we're experiencing with 3D blockchains, is that the more society finds it useful to coordinate using shared ledgers, the more the social layer becomes involved. Trust to the social layer **insreases** with complexity. Examples are everywhere: USDT, USDC, WBTC, DAO security councils, oracles (which also root to their social layer), the social layer that distributes incentives, and the protocol social layer itself.  --- **Dimensions of Synchronization:** 3 \[1: Account Address, 2: StateArray\[], 3: Variable Value] %% Illustration of 3-Dimensional Synchronization – Spacial 3D Cube of Synchronization%% **STF:** When a PoS proposer has proposed a new block: increment the block number, do the calculation across **Map**: Ethereum maps the addresses of all accounts to their multidimensional state and the values at each part of that multidimensional state. **Synchronized With Solar Time**: No ### 4-Dimensional Synchronization: Society Protocol To achieve the 4th dimension of synchronization, we must change how we model time and make it more akin to physics than the traditional clock. When we model the 4th dimension for synchronization, we are modeling the energetic waveforms which permeate all of reality[^13], these waveforms give our universe energy and time itself. Achieving the 4th dimension lies in expanding the **STF** once again, to include the energetic rules of our world at every STF interval of **the state that binds** (time) – creating the effect of an alive universe with energy flowing through it. > [!quote] > *"If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency, and vibration."* – Nikola Tesla Society Protocol models a living world with people in it. We are no longer dealing with "static" 3D assets, we are dealing with alive individuals: **people are the most valuable asset**. Society Protocol synchronizes and coordinates real-life individuals by algorithmically redistributing a finite pool of energy (representing explicit social status) between individual actors in the protocol - aiming to map every individual actors energy in the system to their value to society at each point in time **(STF)**. Society Protocol is able to store individual actors and their identities. Alongside their energy (explicit social status), history, assets, transactions, social relationships, organizations, public communications, curation - alongside any other identity artifacts or 3D objects as the individual actors move through time and forge their story[^14]. 4-Dimensional blockchains are based in sybil resistance. Individual actors can control multiple identities but must to provide value to the protocol to upkeep each one energetically, eliminating the ability for actors to own "ghost accounts" which aren't adding value[^15]. Currently people use tools to coordinate. They involve a mix of top-down coordination imposed by the nation state and corporate organizations, along with bottom up coordination exercised by each individual actor. The current tools which society uses to coordinate do not synchronize a global **state that binds**. In Society Protocol, the global synchronization enables tools to coordinate individuals algorithmically via the redistribution function at each interval in time, achieving a **rebalancing pyramid** effect to redistribute the wealth of society to those individuals who are providing the most value. To improve coordination means to create a better society. Thus, Society Protocol creates better individuals...by aligning the desires of each individual actor with the desires of society as a whole. Society Protocol enables us to live in a world of instant global synchronicity and coordination. It is simultaneously a: - Historical Ledger - Coordination Mechanism - Automated Trust Mechanism - Currency - An overlay over life enabling the Metaverse - A decentralized group decision making layer for controlling AGI - A synchronization mechanism with verifiable instant lossless communication globally - A 4-Dimensional **Network State That Binds** (Clock) - Network State - Bearer asset agency for identities and all their assets and data. Imagine a magical clock which contained the entire public state of the world synchronized in it, and also magically used that data to virtuously coordinate people using algorithms to align all of society, while storing it's entire verifiable history. That is the potential of Society Protocol, it's up to us to achieve it.   > [!note] >_The human heart was often compared to a clock, which governed the mechanism of the body. In turn, the metaphor was extended to politics, where a good sovereign was likened to a master clockmaker who ensured the mechanism of the state ran smoothly._ (Cartwright) --- **Dimensions of Synchronization:** 4 \[Dimension1: Account, Dimension2: Storage Array, Dimension 3: Variable, Dimension 4: Energy (Waveforms) Flowing Through Objects] %%Illustration of 4-Dimensional Synchronization%% **STF:** When a new block is minted into existence (ideally synchronized with a solar clock schedule), update the **state that binds** society. **Map**: Society Protocol maps all individual actors in the system as they progress through time along with their multi-dimensional state, including: assets, social history, relationships, organizations, public communications, and identity. **Synchronized With Solar Time**: ❓❓❓ ## Correlation to the Ages of the Web The web has been through three ages so far: - Web1 was characterized by HTML and revolutionized the spread of information. It was read-only and lacked accounts or any write functionality. (Web1: Read) - Web2 revolutionized communication. By adding write functionality, relatively young silicon valley companies started circa 2004-2008 have already been able to conquer much of the world in a mere 20 years of existence. (Web2: Read-Write) - Web3 revolutionized asset ownership. Originating with Bitcoin in 2008 and continuing with Ethereum in 2015, it has synchronized the ownership of assets around the globe at nearly the speed of light. Bitcoin is the fastest growing asset class of all time, 3-Dimensional asset ownership platforms haven't even had a chance to catch-up and surpass it yet, but offer a bigger market. (Web3: Read-Write-Own) --- - Web4 will revolutionize societal coordination. Society Protocol variants will capture more value than has ever been up for grabs in history and complete the final parts of the transition from the **Industrial Revolution** to **The Information Age**. (Web4: Read-Write-Own-Coordinate) ## Clock & Calendar The clock and the calendar are only separated by their precision. The clock deals with time and the calendar, invented before it, deals with days. They're really the same tool, a shared model of the universe – at different levels of precision. Blockchains are really both a clock and calendar, as they handle both levels of precision. **There is one thorny issue:** Currently, blockchains can't sync up to the solar calendar or precise clock time due to the details of how blocks are produced. Will we ever find a solution to the problem of solving block times precisely to where they can be used as a solar clock & calendar? **I don't know, but I *believe* so.**[^17] * It is a very worthwhile and completely unacknowledged problem to solve and would obsolete both the clock and calendar. > [!tip] > I hope you're starting to see the world bending implications. Now imagine that we make this all scalable enough to be mobile – Imagine the state of the world always with you type thing (in whatever device is the most modern at the time (Phone or AR Glasses/Helmet)) ## Time is Relative Time is relative, we each experience it differently. So what exactly are we doing when measuring and synchronizing time? We are measuring consensus. Consensus is not the truth, and consensus is not our personal experience of time – it is a shared ledger of time we can all agree upon. A shared relative truth. We are all pulled towards the consensus and out of ourselves, such is the nature of society. We all still remain in our personal subjective time and truth, such is the nature of the self. ## Conclusion Synchronization mechanisms enable coordiantion supercharge societies. Better synchronized groups always appear to conquer the groups with inferior synchronization throughout history. Just like we entered The Industrial Age with the Clock, we will enter The Information Age with Society Protocol as our shared model & map of synchronization. ### References - Satoshi Nakamoto. “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” n.d. - Buterin, Vitalik. “Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform.,” n.d. - Magazine, Bitcoin. “What Is The Byzantine Generals Problem?” Bitcoin Magazine - Bitcoin News, Articles and Expert Insights, September 27, 2023. [https://bitcoinmagazine.com/glossary/what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem](https://bitcoinmagazine.com/glossary/what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem). - Hays, Jeffrey. “Time, Clocks and Sun Dials in Ancient Egypt | Middle East And North Africa — Facts and Details.” Accessed February 10, 2025. [https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-1111.html](https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-1111.html). - WorldAtlas. “How Did The Clock Change The World?,” June 20, 2020. [https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-did-the-clock-change-the-world.html](https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-did-the-clock-change-the-world.html). - Cartwright, Mark. “Clocks in the Scientific Revolution.” World History Encyclopedia. Accessed February 11, 2025. [https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2315/clocks-in-the-scientific-revolution/](https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2315/clocks-in-the-scientific-revolution/). - Medievalists.net. “The Role of the Mechanical Clock in Medieval Science.” _Medievalists.Net_ (blog), August 21, 2017. [https://www.medievalists.net/2017/08/role-mechanical-clock-medieval-science/](https://www.medievalists.net/2017/08/role-mechanical-clock-medieval-science/). ### Footnotes [^1]: Sundials, Water Clocks, and Hourglasses don't count because they don't synchronize time to even a precise 1-Dimensional number. [^2]: Reference Bitcoin Whitepaper [^3]: Reference Ethereum Whitepaper [^4]: Reference Society Protocol Whitepaper [^5]: Sun dials were of limited use in cloudy weather (which fortunately for Egyptians was rare) and at night. The sun' shadow moved so slowly it was relatively useless marking off minutes and seconds. Thutmose III era sundials were also useless early in the morning and late in the afternoon when the shadow was cast to an infinite length (this problem was later addressed by Greek sun dials, which were shaped like the interior of the bottom half of a globe). [^6]: Christian monasteries created an environment of order and familiarity to battle the outside threat caused by the fall of the Roman Empire. They would use the ringing of the bell as a call for prayer, a synchronization mechanism for defensive means, and a symbol for structuring human behavior. (“How Did The Clock Change The World?”, 2020) [^7]: Alongside hourglasses and a type of book called a “book of hours,” which helped segment hourly, daily, and yearly time for its owners. [^8]: It's incredible how much work went into refining clocks to be durable and precise during history, you can visit some of the German & Swiss watchmakers to see the amount of importance and work placed [^9]: Explain Triple Entry Accounting. [^10]: Proof of Work Consensus [^11]: There is an interesting distinction between labeling ownership with either the social layer or the miners/stakers, but either way: these synchronization protocols aren't owned by the users. [^12]: Bitcoin technically did something similar, but in the end few of them remain relevant and promising today. [^13]: Reality exists on two axis simultaneously: the physical objects and the waveforms flowing through all objects in the universe. Without waveforms (energy) flowing through objects, there is no time. [^14]: Alongside public identities, we are also able to store private and semi-private data with verifiable bearer ownership. [^15]: The redistribution function will drain their energy over time to other participants in the protocol and the inactive actor will eventually die (mimicking the universe). [^16]: Reference [[Fake Everything – Draft]] [^17]: We will be funding grants for this research at Society Protocol. [^18]: Offbeat due to a lack of synchronization. The dullness is a result of the lower range of potential actions (synchronization increases possibilities and opportunities). The gears of society were made of hay, not steel (it still works, just like an 8-sided wheel).